Preparing for the Solar Eclipse of April 8th 2024

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Published: 24 March 2024

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There are lots of maps showing where to go for the April 8th 2024 total solar eclipse and others showing the statistical chance of clouds such as https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/02/22/april-eclipse-clouds/  From Little Rock Arkansas to the Mazatlan coast there is a high probability of clear weather.  The cities from Indianapolis through Cleveland OH, Rochester and Syracuse NY and Burlington VT have a good chance of cloud cover.  Fortunately such websites as Time and Date https://www.timeanddate.com/live/eclipse-solar-2024-april-8 will live-stream the eclipse with totality beginning 12:38pm EDT  and on YouTube Through the Eyes of NASA - Official Broadcast at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MJY_ptQW1o

But what will you see during totality when you can take off your solar protective glasses? Predictive Sciences Inc, funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation (NSF) have created a " Data-Assimilative, Continuously Running Prediction Model Updated in Near Real Time" showing what the solar corona may look like during totality.  The prediction is based on the current state of sunspots, solar flares, corona mass ejections, and the sun's magnetic field.See it at: https://www.predsci.com/corona/apr2024eclipse/home.php

The  corona is expected to be much more active and extensive than the total eclipse that crossed the United States in August 2017 as the sun isnow approaching sunspot maximum

Today - Chicagohenge

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Published: 22 September 2022

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The date is Sep. 22, 2022, the date of the fall equinox.  Although this is supposed to be the day of equal day and night, we know it's not exactly correct.  We measure daytime from sunrise to sunset, measured as the first and last light from the sun peaking over the horizon.  When we include sunrise and sunset plus atmospheric refration, at mid latitudes daylight wins by about 10 minutes (not even counting twilight).

Chicagohenge photo by Tim Hara

But something magical happens as the sun sets due west on the equinox in Chicago. The sunset direction matches the direction of the Chicago grid of East-West streets.  The effect is known as Chicagohenge.

From the Adler Planetarium website (https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/blog/chicagohenge/): "Chicagohenge occurs twice a year and happens when the Sun directly lines up with Chicago’s east-west facing streets ... To fully understand Chicagohenge, you have to be aware of the two main factors that cause it: Chicago’s grid plan and equinoxes...The present-day Chicago grid system can be attributed to the Public Land Survey System -- a surveying method created in 1785 that was used to divide land for selling and settling. But this style of city design has been around since the dawn of civilization and can be found in the ruins of ancient Rome, Greece, and others [sometimes creating solar alignments in these cities such as Manhattan Henge] ... Fun fact: Chicago’s streets line up almost perfectly with the cardinal east and west directions on a compass. This in turn, sets up the perfect stage for Chicagohenge to take place."

The Planetarium Blog continues. "Since the Earth’s axis is tilted, sunlight is not always distributed equally. At any given point, one-half of the Earth is tilted towards the Sun more than the other. As the Earth orbits around the Sun, the part that was tilting away from the Sun begins to be the part that is facing towards the Sun. This is why we have seasons! ... There are two equinoxes each year, one that marks the start of spring (Spring Equinox) and one that marks the end of summer (Autumn Equinox). Thanks to Chicago’s perfectly lined grid system, the bi-annual equinoxes mark a time when the Sun rises and sets directly in line with Chicago’s east and west streets, causing Chicagohenge! ... Finding a place to spot Chicagohenge is a no-brainer! Simply find one of Chicago’s east-west facing streets, plop a seat, and enjoy the view."

Eclipse of Sun by Phobos Seen by Perseverance Rover

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Published: 22 April 2022

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On April 2, 2022 the Perseverance Martian rover's Mastcam-Z camera looked sunward and took a video of the eclipse of the sun by the "potato-shaped" moon Phobos. 

According the NASA Mars Exploration Program site, "It’s the most zoomed-in, highest-frame-rate observation of a Phobos solar eclipse ever taken from the Martian surface."  NASA reports that "Several Mars rovers have observed Phobos crossing in front of the Sun over the past 18 years. Spirit and Opportunity made the first observations in 2004; Curiosity in 2019 was the first to record video of the event. Each time these eclipses are observed, they allow scientists to measure subtle shifts in Phobos’ orbit over time. The moon’s tidal forces pull on the deep interior crust and mantle of the Red Planet; studying how much Phobos shifts over time reveals something about how resistant the crust and mantle are, and thus what kinds of materials they’re made of."

Watch the video: https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9172/nasas-perseverance-rover-captures-video-of-solar-eclipse-on-mars/ 

Art Project: "Unit of Measurement"

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Published: 09 November 2018

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The Land Institute is a not for profit organization based in Salina, Kansas, having a goal to create an agriculture system that mimics natural systems in order to produce ample food and reduce or eliminate the negative impacts of industrial agriculture.  A mile north of the Institue is their Marty Bender Nature Area where Owen Brown has created an art project "Units of Measurement".  According to Jason Beets of the Salina Journal, his project "consists of three sets of sun dials created from praire-colored angled flag poles to symbolically represent the passage of time."

The idea is to meditate on the passage of time.  The first set of three poles, called "In the Beginning" is 1,190 feet east of another set of poles called "The Passage of a Second".  According to the artiist, this is the distance that the earthrotates in one second.  A third site, called "From the Future" is located 723 feet north of "In the Beginning" is placed such that at "... dawn of the summer solstice, the shadows of the sundials at “From the Future” will touch [point to] the sundials at “The Passage of a Second.” Owen said, "I want this installation to make us more aware of where we are, who we are, and how we are ... in relation to the earth, to what we grow, and to what nurtures us."

Interesting art but very poor science.  For each cluster of three flag poles, only the one point to North can work as a sundial.  And the pole needs to be at an angle from the ground equal to the latitude of 38.855° N.  From the photo, the angle is closer to 60°.  Fortunately there are no hour lines on the ground to show the incorrect time of the shadow.

Updated Content: 28 Feb 2022

We've recomputed "The Passage of a Second" using Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) coordinates for the latitude of 38.855° N and an altitude of 1,227 ft attributed to Salinas, KS.  The result is an earth radius of 4.973775 x 10^6 meters giving a circumference of 31,251.15km.  But to count exactly one revolution of the earth (in inertial space) we need to use the sidereal day of 86164.1 sec rather than the mean solar day of 86400 sec. And just as Owen Brown has separated "In the Beginning" and "The Passage of a Second", the distance is 1190 feet.  The angle from east of "From the Future" 723 feet north of "In the Beginning" as seen from "The Passage of a Second" is 31.28° or 121.28° from south.  The first rays of the sun appear on the eastern horizon when the center of the sun is actually 0.833° below the horizon.  The sun's apparent position is due in part to atmospheric refraction.  Taking this effect into account, sunrise on the summer solstice will occur at an azimuth from south of 121.3°, the alignment used by Owen Brown.

Indeed the sunlight is coming from the future on the solstice, traveling the Pythagorean distance of 1,392.4 feet in (424.4m) between Future and Passage requires 1.4 microsecond. Owen Brown's simple constructs with precision placement is something to be contemplated.

Read more at: http://www.salina.com/news/20181027/land-institute-art-project-reflects-on-time-nature

Cosmic Room on the Equinox - 2018

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Published: 24 March 2018

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The heart of the Cosmic Room is an unusual vertical meridian sundial created by sunlight passing through a slot on the roof above.  In winter the solar meridian transit is labeled  with a column of blue tiles and at the spring equinox the tiles change to orange.  The sign "Analemma 12:45" indicates civil time on the spring equinox when the sun is on the local meridian.  With the sun overhead, the beam of light follows the vertical set of tiles downward until it reaches the boundary between orange and blue tiles - the equinox has arrived.  Ruben Nohitol has been photographing this event for the last 16 years, every year since 2002.  From a ceiling hole Ruben marks the image of the sun at 12:45 on the floor with a small green circle.  He does this on dates throughout the year(s), not only creating a nice analemma, but does it with such precision that he is able to notice the slight shifts in solar equinox position through the leap year cycle of four years.

More impressive is the due west sunset on the equinox.   A beam of light streams though a hole in the western wall of his hacienda, across the living room,  through a square hole between rooms, across the Cosmic Room grazing past the vertical sundial and its tiles, and lands as a bright solar disk at the far end of the Cosmic Room on a vertical wood screen mounted on an exit doorway.   To add to the drama of the setting equinox sun, Ruben placed a model of the pyramid of El Cerrito on a shelf in the Cosmic Room blocking some of the sun's rays. The result is a shadow of the the pyramid against the solar disk, giving the illusion of thesun setting over the great pyramid.  You can see his vertical meridian and more at http://www.makeaholeinthewall.com and the sundial in operation at http://www.sundials.org/index.php/dial-links/videos/meridiane See his patience to photograph the real setting sun over the pyramid of El Cerrito in Queretaro, Mexico at http://www.sundials.org/index.php/dial-links/videos/analemmas-time-and-motion

Cosmic Room with Solar Analemma

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Published: 12 February 2012

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[photo courtesy of Ruben Nohuitol]

Ruben Nohuitol of Queretaro, Mexico has a unique solarium or “cosmic room” to observe the rays of the sun throughout the year.  He has patiently constructed a wonderful time-lapse video following the sun every day at 12:45 pm.   His construction has a vertical meridiana beam of light descending and then ascending the wall as time passes throughout the year. A second sky-light gnomon creates a classical analemma on the floor.

Read more: Cosmic Room with Solar Analemma